Selling Alkabeer products in India Essay Example

Selling Alkabeer products in India Essay Selling Alkabeer products in India Name: Course: Institution: We will write a custom essay sample on Selling Alkabeer products in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Selling Alkabeer products in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Selling Alkabeer products in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instructor: Date: Selling Alkabeer products in India Introduction The introduction of freshly packed foods into the market was an exceptionally good idea. People get tired of having to cook food from scratch every time they want to eat. These foods range from uncooked to cooked foods that only require reheating before eating. These kinds of foods play vital roles in different social events like weddings, birthday parties and celebrations in different countries (Alkabeer, 2009). When Alkabeer saw the growing market for ready-made food, they grabbed this opportunity and started to make ready-made food. Their business growth was unbelievable after venturing into this untapped market. The Alkabeer group of companies was established more than 30 years ago. Today it stands in mote than 10 countries in all over the world. Some of their products include vegetables, meat, fish and spices. They also range in their production where they specialize in frozen foods, seafood and foods for vegetarians. These products are manufactured, packaged and distributed by the more than 8000 retail outlets they have worldwide. It is ranked number one in Middle East in the â€Å"frozen and processed food category† (Al Kabeer Group of Companies, n.d). The product under investigation The Alkabeer group is â€Å"obsessed with quality in procurement, manufacturing and distribution of frozen foods† (Alkabeer, 2009). Their range of foods is made up of vegetables and fruits, snacks, ready meals, meat and poultry and seafood. These products are made under the most hygienic conditions in their factories using the best kinds of machinery in the world. The vegetables and fruits are ideal for those who do not eat animal products in their wide market. Fresh vegetables are always welcome in any economy, good or bad, they are cheap and very health. Their ready meals include all sorts of parathas. They are convenient for those who do not like cooking. They are cooked, frozen and packed. In their meat and poultry category, they have mutton and boneless meat. Their seafood comprises of prawns, famously known as shrimp, and fresh fish. They also make different types of samosa and cold cuts as snacks. Finally, they make food for children. They have burgers, French fries, different kinds of nuggets and chicken and cheese sticks. Their cost of production is quite high. This is because they do not compromise on quality. In addition, they source out the most expensive ingredients from the most exotic places. Recently, they started growing their own vegetables, fruits and spices. This has helped them to cut down on their expenses. The Muslim population in India is one that grows by day and the Alkabeer group saw the need to cater for the palatal needs of this growing population. In order to get Muslims in India to buy Alkabeer products, sampling will be the best way to promote the products. The sampling can be organized in the most preferred eating-places in India and shopping malls, anywhere with large populations of people. After sampling the products, we will be able to tell from their reaction if they like them or not. Sampling is one way of marketing products. We will have some of the products in restaurants that are frequented by Muslims, so that every time they go there to eat, they are given some of the foods to taste and give feedback. All forms of feedbacks will be accepted, whether positive or negative. We will also have some of our agents set up near mosques and madrassas to allow more Muslims to taste and sample our products. More agents will be sent to Muslim neighborhoods to familiarize the potential customers with the products. We are hoping that the Muslim population in India will be receptive and accommodative about our products as we prepare to introduce these products in their market. These products will be perfect for them because they are known for organizing social events like weddings. Challenges Marketing can sometimes prove difficult especially if the intended market does not produce expected results. According to Ferrel Hartline (, p.24), â€Å"one of the greatest frustrations in marketing is change-customers change, competitors change and even the marketing organization changes†. These changes play a crucial role in the success or failure of a product and service in any market. The Muslim population in India is a significant change for the Alkabeer products but we are hopeful that this new change will bring in additional revenue for the group. In dealing with this challenge, Steve Unger (2012) suggests â€Å"conducting customer satisfaction surveys and focus groups†. Another challenge is that the targeted population might not like the new products. Even with all the efforts that are taken to satisfy the needs of the customers, they might not be pleased with the product or maybe an ingredient in the food. This form of problem will pose serious setbacks in our efforts to engage the Muslim population in India to start using our products. This will also mean that we have to go back to the drawing board about new and improved strategies to capture this population. The problem of the language barrier and conservatism when marketing might pose a threat to the whole process. Muslims are a conservative lot and to approach their women about any product might be difficult, as married Muslim women are not allowed to interact with other men especially in the absence of their husbands. In addition, some of the marketers might not know how to communicate with the customers during the sampling process; this might shift the consumers’ preference back to what they are accustomed. These challenges can be overcome in different ways. First, the Muslim population in India already has their own preferred spices and food that they eat. Introducing the Alkabeer products to them will take a bit of time. Some will be curious about the Alkabeer products, and they will want to try them, this will encourage more others to satisfy their curiosity and in turn attract more Muslims to our stands. Alkabeer products will be advertised in the leading broadcasting stations in India. These stations are trusted by the larger Indian population. This will develop trust between the Alkabeer group and the Muslim population in India, which is the target consumer. Competitors India is Alkabeer’s main revenue earner at 35 percent. This is amidst stiff competition from Allanasons also in India. Allana produces high variety of products with high quality ingredients. Alkabeer products are made from high quality ingredients, which are homegrown making them healthy. Allana offers high quality package variety depending on the product. Alkabeer packaging is high class, safe and attractive depending on the market targeted. The pricing between Allana and Alkabeer is extremely competitive, but Alkabeer’s prices are charged at a premium for high-end consumers. Allana has invested heavily in advertising than sampling, whereas Alkabeer focuses more on sampling because it is believed that tasting is the best way for the consumers to know for sure about their products. Target market Alkabeer products target the Muslim population in India. This population covers 13% of India’s population. It is expected to make up 16 percent of the total population by 2030. Alkabeer products will be concentrated in states and territories with the largest Muslim population. These products will be addressed to Muslim consumers on the move and those who are constantly organizing social events. Ages of consumers do not matter because the products are ideal people of all ages, from children to adults. Consumer buying habits In India, frozen foods are associated with social events and family gatherings. The way the products are packaged is particularly important to consumers, as this will determine if they will buy the products or not. Most consumers in India do not like to try new things especially when it comes to food products. Estimate of market size Internationally, last year saw a total of $24 billion in revenue fro the sale of frozen foods alone. Young people between the ages of 18 and 24 and single folks are the most buyers of frozen foods. More than 300 companies in the world produce and distribute frozen foods. Alkabeer seeks to make 50 million rupees during the first year of operations, and this amount is expected to rise at 40 percent yearly. Distribution structure Alkabeer plans to establish their outlets in areas that are most accessible by their target consumers. The company will contract a leading agency in India to help with logistical matters like transport and providing field agents. Transportation of Alkabeer products is done by air and road depending on the destination. These methods are fast, and they ensure that freshness is maintained in all products. Alkabeer has numerous warehouses for storage of their products. Advertising and sales promotions According to Chamikutty (2007), Alkabeer will contract the leading ad agencies and media houses for their advertisements to reach the wider Muslim population in India. Sampling is the main tool that is used by Alkabeer when introducing their products to new consumers. This ensures that consumers will judge for themselves the quality of their products. The advertising will be pay for the whole advertising. Summary As much as Alkabeer experiences and faces stiff competition in the frozen foods market in India, its innovative products continue to attract their targeted consumers and more consumers in the market. This has made them the leading manufacturer and distributor of frozen foods in India and Middle East. References Al Kabeer Group of Companies. (2009). About us. Retrieved from http://www.al-kabeer.in/about_us.html Al Kabeer Group. (2009). Products. Retrieved from http://www.al-kabeer.com/products.htm Chamikutty, P. (2007, October 3). The Growth of Al Kabeer. The Economic Times. Retrieved from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/brand-equity/the-growth-of-al-kabeer/articleshow/2424270.cms Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. D. (2004). Marketing strategy. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Unger, S. (2012). Ten Marketing Challenges that Can Make or Break Your Business. Retrieved from http://www.pragmaticmarketing.com/publications/magazine/1/1/01su/

Womens Rights and the Nineteenth Amendment

Womens Rights and the Nineteenth Amendment Free Online Research Papers I believe one of the greatest historical events in American history was the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This â€Å"woman question† spurred a wide-ranging debate about the social role of women that grew out of several major developments that occurred in America. Americans had been unwilling to acknowledge the importance of a woman’s role in society until 1920. Women’s lives were undergoing rapid change due to technological change, industrialization, the expansion of education and the movement of people into the cities. In referring this subject to Prentice Hall’s history textbook, America, Pathways to the Present, that was printed in 1999, I found a surprising little reference to the groundwork that the Women’s Suffrage Movement had made for many years prior to ratification of the amendment. I would like to write this paper on the vast history of the movement that is not presented in the textbook. Many significant events in the women’s movement occurred that led the way to a woman’s right to vote. The text does not mention that in 1869 the National Woman Suffrage Association was formed. The object of this organization was to secure an amendment to the Constitution in favor of women’s suffrage. Another organization, the American Woman Suffrage Association was also formed at this time by those who believed that suffrage should be brought about by constitutional amendments within the various States. In 1890, these two bodies united into one national organization, the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Several women had spoken about suffrage since 1826, but not until this large organization was formed, was a concerted effort made to bring about change. A headquarters was established in New York City. This move made the organization a legitimate body. Three western states, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah adopted state constitutions recognizing voting rights to women. Under the leadership of Grace Wilbur Trout in 1912, the organization began to build a strong lobbying network. She organized a dedicated group of lobbyists who kept the pressure on state representatives, Congressmen and governors. This culminated in Illinois voting passing a bill allowing women the right to vote for President, but not for any other office. This single victory made a great effect on the nation. When the first Illinois election took place in April, 1914, the newspaper headlines noted that over 250,000 women had voted in Chicago alone! This proved to politicians that women represented a huge power in politics. This is not found in the text. One would think that this momentum would alone bring about change, but it took other significant events to gain the country’s attention. These events are also not noted in the textbook. The first is the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. This well organized demonstration was held in Washington D.C. Nine bands, mounted entries, more than twenty floats and over 5,000 marchers paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue. The participants were carefully selected to represent women and the many areas in daily life that women effect. Nurses in uniform, women farmers, homemakers, women doctors and pharmacists, actresses, librarians and teachers marched with pride. These women came from around the country to march in protest against the political organization of society, from which women were excluded. Of course, all of this was planned for the day before President Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration. Thousands of visitors, mostly men, in town to celebrate President Wilson’s victory watched the women parade. Suddenly, many in the onlookers pushed forward and began to physically jostle the marching women. Verbal insults were hurled. The unruly men nearly stopped the parade but the women pushed through almost in a single file to the concluding spot, the Treasury Building. All of this was done while police officials looked on and, in some cases, joined in on the verbal assault. Many of the women were hospitalized. The crowd at the parade was so large that when president-elect Woodrow Wilson arrived at the train station a few blocks away, very few people were there to greet him. The women who were able to complete the march listened to speakers reiterate the movement’s main points. Thousands of women from around the country came to march in a spirit of protest against the present political organization of society, from which women were excluded. Of course all of this created a great deal of publicity for the movement. Just as we have found in the American civil rights movement, these acts of violence against a non violent protest create publicity and a renewed vigor in the movement. In this case, women had been struggling for the right to vote for more than 60 years. Even though some progress had been made on the state level, it took this non violent march and the attack on the marchers for the national press to take notice. The mistreatment of the marchers by the crowd and the police indifference roused great indignation by the public and led to congressional hearings. These hearings included more than 150 witnesses who made their own statements. One of the outcomes of these hearings was the firing of the superintendent of police of the District of Columbia. The newspaper and magazine headlines were filed with outrage at the men’s behavior. Less than two weeks following President Wilson’s inauguration, a delegation of the movement’s leaders met with the President in regards to their issues. He could see the political benefits by at least recognizing their protests. The wheels of change were beginning to turn which would truly be recognized seven years later. The text book does not mention this important milestone in 1913. There is a time line showing events following the ratification in 1920. It shows Labor Secretary Frances Perkins becoming the first woman to hold a cabinet post under President Franklin Roosevelt’s leadership. It shows how women, in 1942, filled the nation’s factories, making planes, tanks and other goods during World War II. In 1963, Feminist Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, helped inspire a new generation of women’s rights activists. In 1992, Carol Mosely Braun became the first African American woman elected to the United States Senate. Five women were elected to the Senate that year. None of the events on this time line would have taken place without the events leading up to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. I would like to take a little time to write about the social changes that were taking place in America during that time. Despite the economic and political inequality that women faced, new jobs, new educational opportunities and new roles in the home existed. All of this created the â€Å"woman question† that I mentioned earlier. The question came down to whether women should be able to vote? Should they be paid the same as men for doing the same work? Should they be able to control their own property and income? Should they have equal access to higher education and professional jobs? Could a woman control her own social patterns such as appearance, marriage and even birth control? I have already written a great deal about the voting issue. This issue drew huge numbers of women to campaign and support the suffrage movement. Women from various walks of life could agree on this issue and ultimately bring about success. The other questions were more of a personal matter for women. Each woman had a different set of circumstances in her life which dictated her opinions of the issues. American’s lifestyles were becoming easier in some ways and more difficult in others. New technology was making home life easier. As simple as a thing as running water in the home, freed up some additional time in the typical woman’s day. Gradually, the introduction of electricity in the home continued this trend. Electrical devices such as washing machines, quickened a homemaker’s chores and decreased the time spent doing housework. Women did not have to bake or butcher in order to prepare meals. Technology prepared food and clothing, previously a role for the homemaker. Even taking care of the ill, nursing, became a profession and hospitals expanded. This increase in time allowed women to earn advanced degrees and enter professions. As there roles in the job force increased, should they receive the same pay as their male counterparts? In some cases, that debate still exists; however, American women were receiving a paycheck and dealing with sums of money previously out of their control. Dependence of a woman on a man for her financial security became less of an issue. With this came her freedom to make social choices about family, travel, leisure and birth control. Without a woman’s right to vote, all of these issues would have no being, for Congress could have legislated away, or at least controlled, women’s issues. If women could vote for politicians who would address their issues in Congress or even City Hall, they could really control their own destiny. None of this is mentioned in textbooks! Unfortunately, textbooks are becoming picture books. Text writers are lowering their sights for general education. Too many students either cannot or do not want read. Perhaps the visual learning center, the television, is responsible. Bright pictures in textbooks are replacing the written word. If you are not able to produce a photo or creative picture about a subject, the subject is lost and not written about. I believe this has happened in several areas of American history, but especially women’s rights. Like the processed food we buy in the supermarket, we spend very little time thinking about how the resulting product that we are enjoying, made its way into our life. We just want the results and do not appropriately appreciate the effort it took for us to enjoy it. Mr. Loewen questions educational publishers’ motives when they produce textbooks that seem to lose real historical value and turn into photo albums. These publishers are charged with the public’s trust, especially children and young adult’s education. Perhaps less glossy and therefore less expensive books are the answer. These books could be text filled, simpler in design and more honest in their content. Something needs to be done to better educate Americans on America. I chose this subject because I believe that recognizing the rights of women is a major factor in American society. The long struggle was started by a few and has grown throughout the years. History textbooks should really spend more time telling about the early issues and circumstances that brought the issues to the forefront of American social, political and historical attention. I have spent a great deal of time describing the 1913 march in Washington D.C. that I believe was a pivotal point in the movement. History textbooks like to point out significant events that shaped an era or segment of time in American history. This march and the controversy that surrounded it was not mentioned in the text. One would think that it had all the factors that would make it interesting for students to read. It involved two competing foes, at least Americans with totally diverse points of view on the subject. There was action and violence. And then there was an outcome that revolutionized the way America treated half of its population. The results of this parade have shaped American social culture for the last 100 years. The struggle still continues in many areas of American life. Something this momentous should be included in America’s history textbooks. Research Papers on Women’s Rights and the Nineteenth Amendment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part One

Writing Tips Paraphrasing a Source

Writing Tips Paraphrasing a Source Paraphrasing a Source It can be tempting to quote sources at length when writing a college paper. After all, you’re told to reference your sources, and how better to do that than using the actual words you’ve read? However, most of the time there’s a better option: paraphrasing. But what is paraphrasing? How do you paraphrase a source? And what are the advantages? Let us explain. Paraphrasing vs. Quoting Paraphrasing and quoting are both ways of sharing someone else’s ideas in your own work. When you quote a source, you use the exact words of the person you’re quoting (enclosed in â€Å"quote marks†). But when paraphrasing you need to explain the other person’s ideas in your own words. You might want to paraphrase a source in order to: Demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter Avoid using too many quotations in a document Explain a complicated idea (especially if the original text is hard to follow) Focus on one aspect of an idea that is relevant to your own work In fact, the only time you truly need to quote a source instead of paraphrasing is when the exact wording is important (e.g., because you’re drawing on a key piece of terminology or interpreting the specific words used by an author). In most other cases, paraphrasing will work just as well or better. Remember, though, that you still need to cite a source if you paraphrase it. Even if you have rewritten something in your own words, you still need to show where your ideas come from. 5 Tips on Paraphrasing Rewriting something in your own words can be tricky, but we have some tips: Read the original source carefully to make sure you fully understand it Consider whether you need to paraphrase the passage in full (i.e., with all the details contained in the original) or simply summarize it (i.e., picking out key details relevant to your work) Before you begin writing the paraphrased version, consider how you would explain the passage to a friend Write your paraphrased version and compare it to the original passage to make sure you haven’t missed any important information If you have used any exact phrases or key terminology from the original, enclose these in quotation marks and cite the relevant page numbers If you do all of the above, you should be able to communicate your ideas clearly without having to quote your sources at length every time.

To what extent can we as humans be objective in our understanding of Essay

To what extent can we as humans be objective in our understanding of human behaviour - Essay Example al’s psychic sphere, etc., there has always been a question: to what extend can a human being remain objective while explaining the reasons for another human’s behaviour? After all, being humans, not only we are prone to mistakes, but we also have our own subjective experience, and which is more personality peculiarities, which may – and actually do – influence the way we perceive things and interpret the motives for another people’s actions and other people’s thoughts. People do not perceive the world as it is; their own mind creates a certain picture of the world that differs from the reality, and every person has the picture of his or her own. This was discovered long ago by a Polish engineer Alfred Korzibsky at the beginning of the 20th century. A most interesting saying belongs to him that says ‘The map is not the territory’ (Korzibsky 1933, np); under ‘the map’ our perception of the world is meant, and ‘the territory’ is the objective world itself. Fairly the same concept is reflected in the works of the sophists in the Ancient Greece who were constantly trying to find an answer to the question if it is possible to comprehend the truth, and if anything exists in the human mind apart from opinions? They were the adherents of Phenomenalism: the theory that stated that we only can perceive those ideas that find themselves in our minds, not the real objects of the world as they are all outside of our minds, and therefore it is incorrect and even useless to even try evaluating anybody or anything that is outside our minds. Conceptual biases: the way we as a group collectively organize our mental views, beliefs and perceptions about life and the universe, which influences what we notice, what we seek to learn, and how we interpret phenomena. Personal biases: the individual experiences and personality that form our personal interests, likes and dislikes, characteristics, etc., which influence what and how each of us seeks to learn and

Should the Fed intervene in Asset Bubbles Thesis

Should the Fed intervene in Asset Bubbles - Thesis Example Since hindsight offers perfect or a 20/20 vision, many people opined the US central bank failed in its task to promote healthy and sustainable economic growth for the country, and by extension of being a multi-trillion dollar economy, for the entire world. The advent of a global economy has made potential economic disruptions like bursting of asset bubbles a serious matter to contend with. Economists, politicians and policy makers now pay more attention to the formation of asset bubbles, how these start, how these bubbles could be prevented from growing bigger and what actions can be considered as appropriate if a bubble is clearly identified. It must be admitted that despite the experience of several prior asset bubbles, policy options are still woefully limited. Economists and academic theorists are conflicted on what responses are considered to be the most appropriate in such situations. The experience with asset bubbles is not fairly recent since the phenomena had existed since t he middle Renaissance period. A frequently-used example was the so-called â€Å"tulip-mania† in 1634 up to 1637 in which a few special black tulips fetched the same price as a mansion! Although there are many types of asset bubbles, there is some agreement that bubbles are formed by two causes: the first cause is when financial intermediaries like banks, brokers, brokerage houses and even the central bank (by failing to act and is guilty by default) â€Å"pump† up the price of an asset or a particular asset class; the second cause is when a nation's financial institutions lend to people or groups who are politically connected. The US housing market is a good example of the first cause cited above in creating a bubble. Banks, mortgage lenders and mortgage brokers fed the frenzy by making obtaining a housing loan very easy, even to an extent of giving out mortgages to people who were imminently not qualified for a loan for the reason of not having adequate incomes to pay the monthly amortizations or even approving a loan to non-existent borrowers (bordering on outright fraud). The practice of American banks to originate and distribute (in contrast to other countries in which banks originate and hold) is seen as further hastening the expansion of the housing bubble. Some experts blame complex financial instruments known as derivatives as the prick that finally caused the bursting of the housing bubble; in particular, they liked to cite collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) as the culprit. CDOs were and still are risky investment instruments; these represented an ill-defined asset class, namely derivatives similar to options (puts and calls) and credit default swaps. The second cause is when large sums of monies are lent to people who are politically well connected in a form of financial cronyism. Although not very prevalent in the US and in other Western economies, such practice is contributory to asset bubbles because it results in the misallocati on of scarce financial resources better invested elsewhere. Good examples are the Korean chaebols and the Japanese zaibatsu which are the equivalents of classic American business conglomerates. The bottom line is that cheap funds channelled to the conglomerates cause them to drive up the prices of their

Scientific Theories Essay Example for Free

Scientific Theories Essay One of the major preoccupations of XX’s century scientific philosophers was the development of complex scientific theory explaining how science comes to be and how it works. Since 1900-s several basic theories have been proposed to explain science. This paper aims to provide an overview of those theories especially concentrating on ideas of scientific revolution by Thomas S. Kuhn. Already David Hume in â€Å"A Treatise of Human Nature† noticed, that we can never truly prove the existence of casual laws but we can only perceive them and their consequences. And as we can not know the truth about laws, we can never know the law itself, so it is always open for reconsideration. W.V. Quine went even further by proposing, that even mathematical theorems can from time to time be revised if necessary. Thusly they have created grounds for illogical negativism, under which no statement can be recognized absolutely true. In the 1920-s Moritz Schlicks and Hans Reichenbach offered another view which they called logical positivism. Basically recognizing that no statement can be true or false a priory, logical positivists held that every piece of knowledge is based on logics of â€Å"protocol sentences† based on observable events. In order to be recognized true or false a statement is to meet a verifiability criterion. Only in this case a statement can be recognized meaningful. However, some of the positivists noticed, that even non-verifiable statements may have some cognitive value[1]. In the 1930-s Karl Popper raised criticism against positivist model and introduced a theory based on ideas of practicing scientists. Under his idea scientific progress is achieved by rejection of earlier false theories and creation of a new theory when the old one no longer fits the empiric facts. The new theory is therefore closer to truth. So physics of Aristotle has been replaced by physics of Newton and physics of Newton by the one of Einstein. Every new theory explains the world in new terms and on a new level, Progressive theory has been sharply criticized by Thomas Kuhn in his â€Å"Structure of Scientific Revolutions†, published in 1962. Under his idea, scientific progress is a set of dominant structures, which he called paradigms.   Scientific research passes through stages of â€Å"normal† development including solving of current problems and â€Å"revolutionary stage†. Revolutionary stage or paradigm shift means testing of new theories and assumptions which causes a state of crisis in the old theories, when paradigms are sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity[2] For Kuhn a new paradigm is not only a new theory, but a totally new view on the world and a new way of thinking. A paradigm is not a new answer to a question, but it is revolutionary new way of putting questions themselves. Core questions of the old paradigm are rejected by a new one as those, which are no longer applicable[3]. Moreover, one paradigm can not be understood in terms of another paradigm, so changing paradigms necessarily causes a crisis. Kuhn explained this using examples from astronomy by noticing that Given a particular discrepancy, astronomers were invariably able to eliminate it by making some particular adjustment in Ptolemy’s system of compounded circles. But astronomy’s complexity was increasing far more rapidly than its accuracy and that a discrepancy corrected in one place was likely to show up in another.[4] Paradigm changes the world itself, and Kuhn offers an example of Lavoisier, who saw nature differently after discovering oxygen[5]. After scientific revolution has happened, communications are to restored between advocates of new and old theories. This is a hard and long lasting process, which often ends by physical death of the â€Å"old† scientists, because Conversions will occur a few at a time until, after the last hold-outs have died, the whole profession will again be practicing under a single, but now different, paradigm[6].   This caused claims of relativism which Kuhn himself denied in the later editions of his book. However, despite of all, Kuhn’s idea have deeply influenced the modern philosophic vocabulary. Such terms as â€Å"paradigm†, â€Å"paradigm shift†, â€Å"normal science† and â€Å"revolutionary science† are now widely applied by scientists and philosophers, especially in social science, political science and international relations theory[7]. Among the latest critics one should mention reasoning by Paul Feyerabend. He noticed, that there were many cases in the history of science, when scientists considered their theories a priory accurate long after some facts are discovered, which demonstrate the weakness of the theory. Under Feyerabend’s assumption there exist certain forms of scientific thinking, which allow scholars to recognize certain theories as scientific. So methodology of science can be pluralistic and include methods from different periods. New methods of reasoning do not substitute old ones, but they enter the scientific cannon together and mutually influence each other[8]. Works Cited Friedman, Michael, (1999) Reconsidering Logical Positivism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Thomas S. Kuhn (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University Of Chicago Press; 3 edition Fuller S. (2000) Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Bird A. (2000) Thomas Kuhn. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Acumen Press Paul K. Feyerabend (1999) Knowledge, Science and Relativism. Vol. 3, Cambridge [1]   Friedman, Michael, (1999) Reconsidering Logical Positivism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p,- 43 [2] Thomas S. Kuhn   (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University Of Chicago Press; 3 edition, p.-10 [3] Fuller S. (2000) Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.-70 [4] Thomas S. Kuhn   (1996) ibidem, p.-65 [5] Supra note, p.- 118 [6] Supra note, p.-152 [7] Bird A. (2000) Thomas Kuhn. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Acumen Press. p.- 113 [8] See: Paul K. Feyerabend (1999) Knowledge, Science and Relativism. Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press

Speech of How to Make Choices :: essays research papers

Every moment in one?s life should not be passed by, but cherished as if it were to be the last moment they live. Taking time to think about the next step in your life is cherishing your life. The choice made in every moment of life will end up affecting you good or bad. One needs to realize that they need to think two steps ahead instead of one and end up falling behind. That is why I have taken the liberty to measure the pros and cons of a tremendous decision about to be made. In this presentation, you will find that I have given much thought into this choice. Just because I get more goods than bad or vice versa, does not mean I did not follow my heart, choosing the decision that will make me happy. Many may not agree with my choice, but I came to realize and thought to myself that ?You know what, that?s not my problem.? There may be consequences to life?s decisions, but we all can learn from mistakes, only mistakes, never regret. If you know how to make good decisions then you can write your life. It takes making the decision to do so on a consistent basis. First, I considered the consequences of my actions. I let long term goals overshadow the thrill of short-term benefits. I have written down on a piece of paper both the short-term and long- term benefits and the short-term and long-term consequences of any action. I took the necessary time I needed to think this decision out to its conclusion. This does not mean procrastinate. That will put me in danger of not controlling my life and/or my business. I will not be able to steer either to the desired outcome. I asked about the benefits and drawbacks that they have experienced. It is important to keep in mind that although others may give advice it is still my task to make a final decision and you must bear the responsibility of it.