Reflective Report and Learning Plan Successful of Business Session

Question: Depict about the Reflective Report and Learning Plan for Successful of Business Session. Answer: Presentation This has been an effective meeting as I have accomplished my learning goals as I had set out in my learning plan toward the start of the meeting. Through the learning plan, I had the option to build up an away from structure and reflecting through empowers obtaining of more noteworthy advancement that helps in the accomplishment of the distinguished goals. The point of this intelligent report is to give a self-assessment of the adapting needs in my first meeting of college concentrate as set out in my learning plan (Yancey, 1998). The adapting needs shrouded in this report incorporate procurement of scholarly composing aptitudes, securing and boosting of my expert showing abilities, how to beat tension and frenzy during class introductions and how to be a fair understudy while accomplishing my scholastic work, for example, assignments and examination. The report talks about these adapting needs in accordance with my set objectives, the procedures and assets I utilized, the imperatives or difficulties I looked en route and what empowered me defeat the difficulties and accomplish the targets regardless of the requirements and a top to bottom assessment of the results of each learning need and a reflection on the whole procedure of accomplishing the goal. Conquering nervousness during class introductions My objective was to beaten shaking and trembling during introductions. For quite a while, I had consistently been overwhelmed by dread at whatever point requested to remain before the homeroom. This upset my introductions as I could tremble and even the words I expressed couldn't be heard. To conquer this issue, I utilized the utilization of methodologies, for example, 3 Ps; arranging, practice and planning (Bain, etal, 2002). While trying to guarantee this was being upgraded, I did introductions in my gathering involving five understudies, I ensured that every day I had a point to present to them. During these introductions, I solicited them to watch the viability from my relational abilities and right me in like manner. Every day I thought of another and better methodology, for example, conveying a scratch pad where I featured the key purposes of introduction. Over the span of these introductions, I experienced limitations that upset my consistent advancement and subsequently making my improvement moderate (Pee, etal, 2002). For example, many are the occasions I needed satisfactory chance to present to my gathering individuals. Most occasions I was free, a couple of gathering individuals was submitted in different obligations. Besides, at most occasions I was overpowered with the school program that I did not have a solitary moment to plan for introduction. In spite of the difficulties, through going to classes, addresses and giving up the brief period I needed to present to my gathering individuals, I am happy that today I can certainly introduce before a much bigger gathering of individuals. Obtaining of scholarly composing abilities As a lifelong instructor, ownership of scholastic composing abilities is a basic device to empower simple and smooth information move to my future understudies. Thus, making short and exact sentences to shape basic sections that can be perused and seen effectively was my objective. To accomplish this objective, I utilized the utilization of procedures, for example, evaluating the web for scholarly composing sources (Mass, 1991). I additionally went to workshops and talks on powerful scholastic composition. Be that as it may, in this procedure, I experienced requirements, for example, absence of information on the college gauges of scholarly composition. Having quite recently originated from secondary school in the remote pieces of heartland, I needed innovativeness abilities and simultaneously had no information on the standard language of University scholarly composition (Collins, 1987). My energy in scholarly composing saw me continually stuck to the web in look for aptitudes. At long last, my composing aptitudes have developed immensely kindness of on-line look on the equivalent. Procurement and improvement of my expert instructing aptitudes As an understudy seeking after a course prompting a lifelong showing calling, It is basic that I learn and obtain compelling abilities that will make me an effective expert. Thus, it was my target figuring out how to utilize showing materials, for example, the board. To accomplish this objective, threefold per week, I instructed at a neighborhood close by school following completion my talks (Lea Street, 1998). Here, I got an opportunity to practice and immaculate on utilizing showing materials, for example, the board, outlines and furthermore to consummate on showing methods, for example, getting ready showing programs and the general class introduction abilities. Anyway in securing this goal, I experienced requirements, for example, absence of sufficient opportunity to focus on my course work and simultaneously get ready for exercises in the close by school. In this interest, many are the occasions I was at struggle with the organization of the school where I instructed because of issues, for example, late detailing, neglecting to stamp assignments and missing classes (Chung, etal, 1999). This was occasioned by the tight calendar I needed to suffer as I attempted to adjust among educating and doing my own examinations. Notwithstanding the way that I confronted the difficulties, this experience gave me a diagram of what's in store in my calling and how best to find some kind of harmony in proficient work. I accept today I am a superior educator than I were before the beginning of this meeting. Securing and keeping up Honesty and Transparency esteems when doing school assignments Well before I joined the college, I was aware of the college as a spot where understudies duplicate and present assignments of others, have assignments accomplished for them, get others to the errands given from the web while others even have their last assessments and exploration papers done by others for a compensation (Carroll, etal, 1996). Having been raised in a carefully Christian family, I grew up to learn and acknowledge virtues, for example, genuineness, straightforwardness and a put stock in difficult work. Notwithstanding what every single other understudy would do, I accepted that I would eat my own perspiration and that at no time would I duplicate task (ONeill, 1998). Subsequently, it was my objective to welcome crafted by different creators by giving appropriate reference in my work to maintain a strategic distance from literary theft. So as to accomplish this, I would get familiar with all the referencing styles and how to utilize them in references of different creat ors work. In any case, at the underlying stages, I confronted limitations since I didn't have the foggiest idea how to utilize a portion of the referencing styles, for example, Harvard. Also, I despite everything needed sufficient aptitudes in legitimate in sight referencing particularly utilizing the different referencing styles. For example, when utilizing the Harvard, style, I didn't realize that I should show page number in the understanding referencing. Be that as it may, to address these weaknesses, the web was vital (Wroe Halsall, 2001). I likewise went to courses where such abilities were instructed while simultaneously looking into composed examples to see how referencing utilizing the different styles was finished. In this manner, I have taken in a ton on the most proficient method to utilize the different referencing styles to refer to various creators work and in the process keep away from copyright infringement. Climbing to the situation of understudy pioneer Each of the a long my training profession, I have consistently been an understudy chief right from pre-unit where I filled in as the class administrator to secondary school where I was the school skipper. On joining the college, I had the energy to propel my administration and understudy hireling abilities by being the college understudy pioneer. Following this, my objective was to make enough essential associations among the understudies to empower me get chose as the understudy head. So as to accomplish this, my methodology was to join Student Human Rights Associations through which I could make myself understood (Bizzaro, 2004). I was additionally to aggregate enough assets which would help in my battles and to gain enough companions who might comprise my voters base. Be that as it may, in this manner, I experienced a significant number of requirements among them; absence of sufficient assets, newness since I was another understudy and the general absence of enough gatherings wher e I could exhibit my authority ability. This objective has seen me get such a significant number of companions inside and without the college some of whom have vowed to support my crusade (Paku Lay, 2008). My human rights backing aptitudes have likewise been honed and accordingly I have been scratch named The Human Rights Fighter inside the college as well as over the whole nation. My certainty has additionally been helped from once the bashful person to the well known articulative individual on social issues, for example, human rights and ecological issues over the whole country. End I can readily say that my meeting has been a triumph as I have accomplished a noteworthy degree of progress running from scholastic composing abilities, oral introduction aptitudes, certainty, vocation advancement abilities, virtues and even administration abilities. My evaluations will definitely be acceptable since I applied all the procured abilities to the last in doing my assignments and my assessment. Moreover, I have no uncertainty I will be chosen the following understudy pioneer of the college (Convery, 1993). Suggestions In view of what I had the option to obtain, I trust I can do a lot to enhance my general development at the college and to adapt well in my life out of the college. I ought to connect more in commonsense work to improve my expert abilities further. I have to enjoy more in initiative exercises, for example, going to administration classes to upgrade my authority abilities. I should rad generally to improve my scholarly aptitudes. References Langer, J. An., Applebee, A. N. (1987). How Writing Shapes Thinking: A Study of Teaching and Learning. NCTE Research Report No. 22. National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 21802-222, $6.95 part, $8.95 nonmember).. Collins, A. (1987). Subjective Apprent

Macroeconomics Most Effective Measure

Question: 1. You have been utilized as a market analyst to educate the Department with respect to Health and the government about the accompanying issue. The pastor has contended that raising the expense on liquor is the best method to diminish liquor maltreatment in our general public. Do you concur or oppose this idea? Clarify why or why not. 2. Clarify the contrast between relative bit of leeway and outright preferred position. Answer: Presentation Liquor misuse is a critical danger for the general public basically due to the social, monetary, budgetary and wellbeing costs identified with its utilization. These costs represent billions of dollars which other could be utilized in a beneficial way to give force to monetary development. Thus, the Federal government takes a plenty of measures to dishearten the utilization of liquor. One of the measures in such manner is to expand the cost through the use of tax collection. The hidden point is to decide if this is the best measure to handle this issue. Examination According to the WHO, tax assessment on liquor speaks to ostensibly the most compelling technique for decrease in liquor control and should be compulsory in countries where liquor utilization is exorbitantly high. Further, different logical investigations in such manner, additionally give proof that tax collection is a compelling measure in managing the threat of liquor misuse (Elder et al., 2010). The effect of inconvenience of roundabout duty on liquor is spoken to in the graph underneath. Due to requiring of the liquor charge, there would be a move in the flexibly bend as appeared previously. Evidently, this would prompt a bringing down of balance amount while the balance cost would increment and consequently the issue of liquor misuse can be tended to. In any case, the above investigation depends on a nave supposition that the total tax assessment weight would be borne by the buyers and thus reflected in the selling value (Mankiw, 2014). Nonetheless, this may not be valid as the appropriation of the tax assessment trouble between the purchaser and merchant is basically controlled by the hidden versatility of interest of the liquor type (Fullerton Metcalf, 2002). This is demonstrated as follows. It is evident from the above diagrams that if there should arise an occurrence of inelastic interest, most of the tax assessment trouble is borne by the purchaser while if there should be an occurrence of interest being versatile, a higher extent of taxation rate is borne by the dealer. Further, the effect of tax collection on checking the interest additionally is controlled by the basic versatility of interest (Krugman Wells, 2013). The duties on liquor are of circuitous nature and henceforth paid by producers or shippers of liquor. These might be given to the different partners in the worth chain remembering the purchasers for changing extent. There is absence of lucidity among the analysts with respect to the genuine degree of this weight is borne by the purchasers. Further, it has been observationally seen that the liquor bought from authorized premises are bound to pass the weight of assessment to clients, On the other hand, huge retail fastens and markets will in general assimilate a bigger part of the expense and will in general cling to cross endowment of liquor from benefits created on food deals (Rabinovich et al., 2009). In this way, it is evident from the above conversation that the value offered to the shoppers would be dependent upon differential degree of tax collection dependent on the spot, decision of mixed beverage and spot of drinking. Therefore, it is fitting to enhance the liquor charges with network based mindfulness programs particularly for the young alongside restoration programs for the dependent and defenseless populace. Moreover, age and advancements guidelines must be carefully upheld to limit liquor utilization. End From the above conversation, it might be inferred that despite the fact that tax collection is a compelling measure for tending to the liquor misuse yet at the same time it must not be utilized in disconnection. Or maybe, it ought to be utilized alongside different estimates which plan to decrease the occurrence of liquor misuse and look to give recovery to those dependent on liquor. 2. Presentation One of the key focal principles of different exchange hypotheses is the nearness of favorable position by a specific country with respect to cost and different gifts that makes exchange worthwhile. In such manner, there are two ideas in particular near preferred position and outright bit of leeway which drive the allotment of constrained assets between countries in a way that is gainful for them two (Koutsoyiannis, 2013). The hidden point is to feature the distinction between total bit of leeway and similar preferred position in the scenery of universal exchange. Examination The idea of supreme favorable position with regards to global exchange was authored by Adam Smith who opined that if a specific remote country can create and flexibly a specific decent at a lower cost when contrasted with the local cost, at that point it is presumed that the outside country has a flat out bit of leeway concerning that specific great. Accordingly, it bodes well to import the given great from outside country and thus the increases from universal exchange might be procured (Dombusch, Fischer and Startz, 2013). Afterward, the idea of similar preferred position was presented by Ricardo who supported that favorable position ought to be resolved not as far as lower creation cost yet as far as lower open door cost. In this manner, any country which has a lower opportunity cost for creation of a given decent when contrasted with the other country has a relative favorable position in the creation of that specific great (Koutsoyiannis, 2013). This is a better idea as looked at than the outright bit of leeway idea as showed from the accompanying model. Consider the accompanying information gave. According to the idea of supreme preferred position, Portugal should trade both fabric and wine since it produces the two merchandise at a less expensive work cost when contrasted with England. Opportunity cost of creation of material for England = 5/6 wine units Opportunity cost of creation of material for Portugal= 9/8 wine units Since the open door cost of material is lower for England, subsequently England ought to represent considerable authority in the creation of fabric just, while Portugal should deliver just wine. As such, both the nations would wind up picking up from universal exchange (Dombusch, Fischer and Startz, 2013). End Based on the above conversation, it might be presumed that while supreme bit of leeway depends on lower creation costs, the similar favorable position depends on lower opportunity costs. The ideal model is the relative favorable position one since it brings about common increase for both the nations engaged with exchange. References Dombusch, R., Fischer, S. furthermore, Startz, R. (2012), Macroeconomics, New York: McGraw Hill Publications Senior, R. W., Lawrence, B., Ferguson, A., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Toomey, T. L., Fielding, J. E. (2010), The viability of assessment strategy mediations for lessening extreme liquor utilization and related damages, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 217-229. Fullerton, D., Metcalf, G. E. (2002), Tax occurrence, In A. J. Auerbach F. Feldstein (Eds.), Handbook of open financial matters (pp. 1787-1872), Amsterdam: Elsevier. Koutsoyiannis, A. (2013), Modern Macroeconomics, London: Palgrave McMillan Krugman, P. furthermore, Wells, G. (2013), Microeconomics, London: Worth Publishers Mankiw, G. (2014), Microeconomics, London: Worth Publishers Rabinovich, L., Brutscher, P. B., de Vries, H., Tiessen, J., Clift, J., Reding, A. (2009), The moderateness of mixed drinks in the European Union, Cambridge: RAND Europe Technical Report.

Building your Financial Life Spring Cleaning your Finances

Building your Financial Life Spring Cleaning your Finances Building your Financial Life: Spring Cleaning your Finances Building your Financial Life: Spring Cleaning your FinancesOppLoans Monthly Budget GuideIt’s as sure a sign of spring as Opening Dayâ€"with the first warm days of the year comes the urge to deep clean every nook and cranny of your home. But once you’ve washed the windows and KonMari-ed your closet, it’s time to turn your attention to a frequently overlooked spring cleaning projectâ€"the annual maintenance of your finances.Some cleaning tasks come with built-in reminders: If your kitchen floor crunches when you walk across the room, it’s time to vacuum. But too often, our most important money decisions are running on default settings. Life gets in the way, and the careful choices that you made a few years ago are left to gather dust.Whether your tax documents are still sitting in a pile on your desk, or you haven’t reviewed your retirement plan since Pluto was still a planet, have no fear. We will walk you through the seven key steps of a successful financial cleanup, from g etting paperwork under control to checking in on the most important aspects of your financial life.Spring Cleaning Task #1: Purge PaperworkAs Coach Taylor said on Friday Night Lights, “clear eyes, clear organizational systems, can’t lose” (or something like that).The first step to eliminating paper clutter is having less of it, to begin with. Save some trees and streamline your own personal environment by going paperless. Consider these common candidates for switching to paperless statements:Bank statements: Be sure you can access bank records for the last three years, in case of a tax audit.Pay stubs: Many employers utilize an online portal where you can access past pay stubs and W-2 forms.Utilities and city services: In addition to gas and electric utilities, many cities offer paperless billing for water/sewer bills and property taxes. While you’re on your city’s website, be sure to sign up for email alerts. Among the benefits of being an informed citizen, many municipal ities offer annual cleanup services such as yard waste pickup and bulk item disposal that can save you money on your other spring cleaning projects.Mortgage statementsInvestment and retirement accountsCredit card statementsNow that you have stemmed the influx of paper, it’s time to organize your existing paperwork. Below are general guidelines around which common financial records you should keep, and which ones are safe to toss.Tax returnsThe IRS recommends saving tax returns and any supporting documents for three years. If extenuating circumstances applyâ€"for example, if you failed to file a return or underreported incomeâ€"the IRS provides guidance here. Make sure to keep digital or paper copies of any associated W-2 and 1099 forms for as long as you keep the return itself.Medical billsKeep copies of paid medical bills for one year, or three years if you itemized medical expenses on your tax returns.ReceiptsFeel free to toss the receipt for the pack of gum you bought at the co nvenience store. Otherwise, plan to hold on to receipts for three months. For major purchases, keep your receipt for up to a year in case you need to make a return or use a warranty. You should also save receipts for anything you plan to itemize on your tax return.InsuranceKeep the paperwork for any active insurance policy; expired policies can be shredded.Mortgage and homeWhen you buy a home, you will need to save original copies of the closing statement and deed for as long as you own the property, and to retain documentation of a paid-off mortgage forever. In addition, consider keeping records of any major home improvement projects or purchases for your own reference or for future owners, particularly if those purchases include a warranty.AutomobileKeep your automobile title for as long as you own the vehicle, as well as records of any paid off car loans.Some documents, however, are with you for life, such as those involving major life events.Personal identityPlan to retain forev er any birth certificates, adoption certificates, passports (current and expired) for yourself and your family, as well as any marriage certificates or divorce decrees.Estate planningKeep fully executed original and digital copies of all estate planning documents, such as wills, revocable living trusts, medical directives, financial power of attorney designations, and any other instruments you have in place.Digital keysTo ensure security and accessibility, using a password management tool is a best practice for creating and storing your digital passwords, particularly for services providers who hold sensitive and personally identifying information. Write down a copy of your master password and store it with your important documents.You’ve done the hard work of paring down your financial paperwork to only the essentialsâ€"don’t stop now! For under $50, you can purchase a fire- and water-proof file safe for your home to secure and organize your most critical documents.Any paperwor k that you no longer need should be destroyed, especially if it contains any personal information (i.e. pretty much everything). If you don’t own a shredder, cities, libraries, or financial services providers often host shredding days, where you can bring in documents to be disposed of in bulk. Office supply stores will also shred sensitive documents for a fee. You can purchase inexpensive shredding scissors to help keep a handle on incoming paper.Spring Cleaning Task #2: Get Ready for Retirement‘Set it and forget it is a great strategy for Crock-Pot meal prep; less so for retirement. Your annual financial cleanup is the perfect time to reevaluate your retirement planning. Ask yourself some critical questions: Have you had a significant change in income since you last looked at your retirement funds? Have your retirement plans changed? What does your timeline look like, and do you need to move to more or less aggressive investments? Are you setting aside enough money to meet you r retirement goals?While you are reassessing your overall retirement picture, use this opportunity to take care of any housekeeping items. If you have funds sitting in an old 401(k), or a pool of money sitting in a savings account earmarked for retirement, now is the perfect time to move it to an IRA or another retirement account.Spring Cleaning Task #3: Do a Credit CheckWhile you’re checking off items on your spring cleaning list, don’t forget to also check your credit report for errors or suspicious activity. You are entitled to access a free annual credit report from each credit reporting bureau. If you have children, you can also check their credit, and may consider freezing their credit until they are of an age to use it to reduce the risk of fraud.Spring Cleaning Task #4: Update InsuranceLife moves quickly, and a lot can happen in a year. A crucial step in your financial cleanup is making sure that your insurance coverage still meets your needs.Are you tackling spring clea ning in your very first apartment? Make sure that you are covered with renter’s insurance. A newlywed or new parent? Now is the time to consider life insurance, or reevaluate your existing policy to make sure you have sufficient coverage. In addition, take a look at all of your current insurance policies to make sure that the correct beneficiaries are listed, and update if necessary.If you own your home, this is also the perfect time to review your homeowner’s insurance. Take an inventory of your assets and update your policy accordingly. For further protection, you can also take a video inventory of your home and upload it to cloud storage. The better your records of the contents of your home, the more likely you will be able to recoup your property in the event of a loss.Spring Cleaning Task #5: Make an Estate PlanNo one likes to talk about worst-case scenarios, but it is important to prepare for things you hope will never occur. Let this be your annual reminder to ensure that you and your family are protected.If you have already created your estate plan, think through any major life changes that have taken place since you last updated them. Marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child are common scenarios, but some other triggers that are not always considered include acquiring significant new assets such as property or an inheritance or moving to a new state.Spring Cleaning Task #6: Hunt for BargainsYou’re on a spring cleaning roll, so keep up the momentum! Invest some time in online research, make a few phone calls, and you can likely save yourself some cash going forward. When was the last time you shopped for services like car insurance or a cell phone plan? Maybe you’re ready to cut the cable cord and switch to streaming. Or save money on interest by refinancing your student loans, or negotiating a better interest rate with your credit card company. There are lots of options out there, and doing the legwork now means savings later.Spring Cleaning Task #7: Revisit your BudgetAs you read in our introductory budget guide, a budget is a living document that should be periodically reevaluated to make sure it still reflects your financial priorities. As you work your way through spring cleaning your finances, revisit your budget, paying particular attention to your big picture goals. Make any adjustments needed to accommodate the changes you made throughout this process.In truth, an annual review of your finances doesn’t necessarily have to be a spring cleaning task but can take place at any time of the year. What is critical is regularly checking in on your overall financial landscapeâ€"making informed decisions about where your money goes and ensuring every dollar is hard at work in helping you reach your goals.Do you have a question about budgeting? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  Instagram

In His First Edition Of The Poem, “Song Of Myself”, Whitman’S

In his first edition of the poem, â€Å"Song of Myself†, Whitman’s poem takes a bold move when it strictly focuses on the glorification of himself. Whitman’s use of arrogant diction helps convey a condescending tone that suggests the speaker is superior to others. However, this egotistical belief is complicated in his poem when his use of inclusive diction invokes a friendly welcoming environment. Through his Speaker, Whitman uses these shifts of diction to present contradictions which allow the reader to encounter multiple emotions. At the same time, his use of free verse structure invokes a sense of unpredictability that literally allows the reader to encounter the multiplicity of everyday experiences in life. Hence, the text promotes†¦show more content†¦In these lines, the idea of expanding the United States into new territory is alluding to the Manifest Destiny belief that American culture was superior to that of any other inhabitant. In fact, the speaker suggests that he is full of power and on his way to conquer and spread his â€Å"ordinances† to the whole earth. One important thing to note is that this is probably the most egotistical and condescending tone one can take on another group. Most importantly, the reader is left with a bit of annoyance towards the fact that the speaker feels that it is his/her duty to bring order in the world. However, this egotistical belief is complicated in his poem when the speaker shifts diction from arrogant to inclusive, which invokes a friendly and welcoming tone. Moreover, Whitman uses these shifts of diction to allow the reader to encounter a new emotion. The reader cannot neglect the third line that states, â€Å"[f]or every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you† (21). Right from the start, the speaker wants to make sure that everyone is feeling equal. Even if the poem distinguishes the â€Å"I†Show MoreRelated walt whitman Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesimmodestly praised the human body and glorified the senses, â€Å"Walt Whitman’s poems assert the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walt Whitman was an American poet who was born on May 31, 1819, near Huntington, N.Y. He was the second of a family of nine children. His father was a carpenter and his mother, who he a had a close relationship,was a housewife. When he was four years old, his family moved to Brooklyn, where he attended public school for sixRead MoreWalt Whitmans Influences1411 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Whitman’s influence to American Literary History After the Civil War, Walt Whitman realized that the American people were in need of their own identity. Therefore, he wrote the book â€Å"Leaves of Grass† with the goal of creating a literature piece that was authentic and organic to the United States in every sense. Whitman introduced to literature the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and highlighted how important it was for the American people to develop their own identity. Consequently, he rejectedRead MoreEssay about American Influences of Walt Whitman1476 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Influences of Walt Whitman In his poems and life, Walt Whitman celebrated the human spirit and the human body. He sang the praises of democracy and marveled at the technological advances of his era. His direct poetic style shocked many of his contemporaries. This style, for which Whitman is famous, is in direct relation to several major American cultural developments. The development of American dictionaries, the growth of baseball, the evolution of Native American policy, and the developmentRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Women Rights in Leaves of Grass1591 Words   |  7 Pageswhen the first edition of Leaves of Grass was published, the first Women’s Convention had already taken place in Seneca Falls. According to Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass is a women’s book. In the epigraph of Sherry Ceniza’s Walt Whitman and 19th-century women reformers she quotes him having said â€Å"Leaves of Grass I essentially a woman’s book: the women do it know it, but every now and then a woman shows that she knows it† (Ceniza). The implication here combined with the text in Song of Myself suggestRead MoreLeaves Of Grass By Walt Whitman915 Words   |  4 Pagescollection of poems written by an American poet named Walt Whitman. The first edition was published in 1855 but, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and rewriting Leaves of Grass, until his death in 1892 at the age of 72. Even though during the time his work was considered immoral later people began to realize the beauty behind his poems and started to appreciate the man who wrote them.Whitman s Leaves of Grass is iconic in American poetry because of the beauty behind its poems as wellRead MoreIndividuality And Free Verse in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthese values in his life and work. First published in 1855 in Leaves of Grass, Song of Myself is a vision of a symbolic I enraptured by the senses, vicariously embracing all people and places from the Atlantic to the Pacif ic oceans. Sections 1 and 2, like the entirety of the piece, seek to reconcile the individual and the natural world in an attempt to uncover the individuals humanity. Born near Huntington, New York, Whitman was the second of a family of nine children. His father was a carpenterRead More References to Homosexuality in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself1210 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself WHITMAN WAS MORE MAN THAN YOULL EVER BE, said a student of Louisiana State University. When asked questions of your sexual preference or thoughts on the issue of sex, I would venture to say it makes most people uncomfortable. This is an age-old topic that people know about, yet do not want to talk about. He was particularly reticent about his issues regarding sex and his particular sexual preference. In fact, of Whitmans struggles the mostRead MoreWalter Whitman1003 Words   |  5 PagesWalt and his family settled in Brooklyn, up to then his family had lived in a dozen different places (Conarroe 4). Walt worked in many different positions; to some he was even viewed as a drifter. Walt was many different things; he worked as a carpenter and home builder, like his father, and apprentice printer, a school teacher, editor of several newspapers, including Brooklyn’s Daily Eagle, journalist, and writer. However, despite whatever job Walt Whitman was working as, he always wro te poems. FrequentlyRead MoreWalt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln3895 Words   |  16 PagesWalt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln Table of contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 2. Whitman’s position in American literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. Whitman’s poetry before the civil war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............3 4. Lincoln’s death – a turning point for Whitman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 5. Walt Whitman’s four poems on the American nation’s grief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 5.1 Hush d Be the Camps To-day†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 5.2. When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom d†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Read MoreSex Sexuality in the Poetry of Walt Whitman3834 Words   |  16 Pagesdeeper insight into Walt Whitmans sexuality that is still a question on agenda. There are readers and critics who state that it is a shame to humble his poetry to this level, but I think that he was homosexual in his era the topic cannot be left untouched, because therefore this factor was very influential on his everyday life, thinking and hence on his poetry, too. His only volume, Leaves of Grass Ââ€" that was published several times Ââ€" was first published at in 1855 Whitmans expense. As it can be

The Benefits of Tjhsst Essay Samples Written by Students

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Dementia to Elderly in Uk Free Essays

Abstract Dementia is characterized by evidence of short term and long term memory impairment with impaired abstract thinking, impaired judgment, disturbances of higher cortical thinking, and personality changes. It is basically a progressive decline of cerebral utility such as logic, remembrance, language, problem solving, or concentration. This disease greatly harms the day by day performance of a person and is seen more in older people, however, is not a normal part of aging. We will write a custom essay sample on Dementia to Elderly in Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now . INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Aim The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the effects of dementia in older people and to suggest possible solutions for its prevention and treatment. 1. 2. Objectives Primary objective of this research is to see how effective the health care management systems are for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia syndrome specially keeping in view the population of UK. 1. 3. Dementia defined The International Dictionary of Psychology (Sutherland, 1989) defines it as â€Å"an impairment or loss of mental ability, particularly of the capacity to remember, but also including impaired thought, speech, judgment, and personality. It occurs in senile dementia and in conditions involving widespread damage to the brain or narrowing of the blood vessels†. In the preceding definition, Sutherland introduced a different term, senile dementia. Senile is derived from the Latin adverb senex pertaining to age or growing old. This shows that some dementias occur at later or older ages for reasons not known. Definition of senile dementia as per The International Dictionary of Psychology is that it is â€Å"a progressive syndrome starting in old age with no clear cause, in which intellect, memory, and judgment are impaired; it is often accompanied by apathy or irritability† (Sutherland, 1989, p. 397). 1. 4. How common is dementia? In England only, there are approximately 570,000 people living with dementia. It is expected that this number would double in the coming 30 years (Barberger-Gateau, 2007). Generally dementia arises in people who are 65 years of age above. The chances of developing it are more as one gets old as compare to young people. Roughly, it is anticipated that dementia occurs in: †¢1. 4% of men and 1. 5% of women aged between 65 and 69, †¢3. 1% of men and 2. 2% of women aged between 70 and 74, †¢5. 6% of men and 7. 1% of women aged between 75 and 79, †¢10. 2 % of men and 14. 1% of women aged between 80 and 84, and †¢19. 6% of men and 27. 5% of women aged 85 or over. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the preceding paragraphs, we will discuss in detail the different kinds of dementia that occur to people at older age along with a number of causes that lead towards this syndrome. . 1. Types of dementia Following are the different types of dementia recognized so far (Davidson, 2005): †¢Alzheimer’s disease, where tiny clusters of protein, known as plaques, start to build up around brain cells. This upsets the regular workings of the brain. †¢Vascular dementia, where troubles with blood distribution re sult in uneven supply of blood and oxygen to certain parts of the brain. †¢Dementia with Lewy bodies, where irregular structures, known as Lewy bodies, grow inside the brain. †¢Frontotemporal dementia, where the two parts of the brain, frontal and temporal lobes, start to shrink. Not like other types of dementia, frontotemporal dementia typically grows in people who are below 65 years of age and is very rare than other types of dementia. 2. 2. Different Kinds of Dementia Different kinds of dementing disorders exist. One way of classification is according to parts of the brain being affected. Some frequently used classifications are as follows: †¢Cortical dementia: This type of dementia damages the brain particularly affecting the brain’s cortex, or outer layer. Problems such as memory, language, thinking, and social behavior results due to this disoder. Sub cortical dementia: It affects parts of the brain below the cortex and causes changes in emotions and movements along with damaging memory. †¢Progressive dementia: It gets worse with the passage of time, thus interfering more and more with cognitive abilities. †¢Primary dementia: This denotes to that form that does not result from any other disease such as AD. †¢Secondary dementia : This type of dementia occurs due to some physical disease or injury. †¢Treatable Dementia: About 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia are treatable. With treatment, the dementia can either be upturned or at least halted. Instances of conditions that cause treatable cases of dementia comprise of the following: ?Normal pressure hydrocephalus ?A brain tumor or brain cancer ?Hypothyroidism ?Vitamin B12 deficiency ?Neurosyphilis ?Reactions to medications ?Poisoning. †¢Non-Treatable Dementia: Types of dementia that currently have no cure include: †¢Lewy body dementia †¢Binswanger’s disease †¢Frontotemporal dementia †¢Corticobasal degeneration †¢Certain conditions that can cause childhood dementia †¢HIV-associated dementia Other infections within the brain, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease †¢Huntington’s disease and other rare hereditary dementias †¢Head trauma, such as dementia pugilistica (also known as boxer’s syndrome). Several types of dementia fit into more than one of these classifications. For instance, AD is considered both a cortical as well as progressive deme ntia. 2. 3Causes 2. 3. 1Alzheimer’s disease It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 417,000 people in the UK. German neurologist Alois Alzheimer first described Alzheimer’s disease. According to him, it is a physical disease affecting the brain. All through the course of the disease, plaques and tangles develop in the brain, thus leading to the loss of brain cells. Shortage of some important chemicals in the brain also results due to this disease. These chemicals are concerned with the spread of messages within the brain. 2. 3. 2Vascular dementia Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. There are a number of conditions that can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. This means it is important that these conditions are identified and treated at the earliest opportunity. 2. 3. 3Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a form of dementia that has characteristics similar to both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. It makes around four per cent of all cases of dementia in older people. Lewy bodies, named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, are tiny, spherical protein deposits found in nerve cells. Their presence in the brain disrupts the brain’s normal functioning, interrupting the action of important chemical messengers, including acetylcholine and dopamine. Researchers have yet to understand fully why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage. 2. 3. 4Fronto-temporal dementia The term ‘fronto-temporal dementia’ includes conditions such as Pick’s disease, frontal lobe degeneration, and dementia associated with motor neurone disease. All these are due to damage to the frontal lobe and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are responsible for our behaviour, emotional responses and language skills. . 3. 5Korsakoff’s syndrome Korsakoff’s syndrome is a brain disorder usually linked with heavy alcohol utilization over a long period. Sometimes it is referred to as ‘alcohol amnestic syndrome’ ? ‘amnestic’ meaning loss of memory ? although in rare cases alcohol is not the cause. Although Korsako ff’s syndrome is not strictly speaking a dementia, people with the condition suffer loss of short-term memory. 2. 3. 6Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions are contagious agents that onslaught the central nervous system and then occupy the brain, causing dementia. Known prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or CJD. It was first reported by two German doctors (Creutzfeldt and Jakob) in 1920. 2. 3. 7Aids-related cognitive impairment Individuals with HIV and AIDS occasionally develop cognitive impairment – particularly in the later stages of their sickness. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the body. HIV attacks the body’s immune system, making the person affected more susceptible to infection. HIV-related cognitive impairment can be caused by: ? The direct impact of HIV on the brain Infections (called ‘opportunistic infections’) that take advantage of the weakened immune system. 2. 3. 8Binswanger’s disease Binswanger’s disease is a unusual form of vascular dementia in which harm occurs to the blood vessels in the deep white matter of the brain. Symptoms of Binswanger’s mostly occur in people over the age of 60 and it is usually linked with long-term hypertension. The disease chiefly affects memory and mental abilities such as thinking and learning. The individual may also experience mood swings, tremors, seizures and problems with walking. 2. 3. 9Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease is a progressive inherited disease. It typically becomes obvious in adults in their 30s, even though it can occur earlier or later. There is also a puerile type of Huntington’s, which affects children. The route of the disease varies for each person, and dementia can occur at any stage of the illness. 2. 4Diagnosis Diagnosis of dementia is based on the following: †¢History †¢Physical exam †¢Tests The process of identifying dementia is made only if two or more brain functions such as memory and language skills are extensively damaged without loss of consciousness. An early and precise dementia diagnosis can help in early treatment of dementia symptoms and maybe reversing the dementia or stopping its development, if the cause of dementia is reversible (such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, a brain tumor, or B12 deficiency). †¢Patient History History taking is a very important step in identifying dementia. It is important to know how and when symptoms developed and about the patient’s overall medical condition. Is there any risk factor involved or there is any family history of similar symptoms along with any medication the person is taking. Physician also try to evaluate the patient’s emotional state and the degree of day to day actions being affected in spite of of the fact that patients with dementia frequently are ignorant of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Typically the family members also deny the reality of the disease because they take this in the beginning as a usual procedure of aging. Therefore, additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a dementia diagnosis. †¢Physical Exam: A physical examination can help in the following: ?Rule out treatable causes of dementia Classify signs of stroke or other disorders that can add to dementia ? Identify indications of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure that can be related with dementia. A thorough neurological assessment is performed to evaluate the balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions of the patient and to spot signs of conditions that may have an effect on the diagnosis of dementia. †¢Tests Used in Diagnosing Dementia Tests that are used to diagnosis dementia include the following: ?Cognitive and neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ? Brain scans (MRI or CT scan) Laboratory tests ?Psychiatric evaluations ?Pre-symptomatic testing. †¢Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests for Dementia Tests are done to measure memory, language skills, math skills, and other abilities associated to mental functioning to help them analyze a patient’s condition precisely. A test called the Mini-Mental ® State Examination (MMSEâ„ ¢) is used to judge cognitive skills in people with assumed dementia. This test examines: ? Orientation ?Memory ?Attention Doctors also use a diversity of other tests and rating scales to categorize explicit types of cognitive problems and abilities. †¢Brain Scan Tests for Dementia Brain scans are carried out to recognize strokes, tumors, or other problems that can result dementia. A brain scan may also demonstrate cortical atrophy (the progressive loss of neurons causes the ridges to become thinner and the sulci to grow wider), which is the deterioration of the brain’s cortex (outer layer) and is frequent in many forms of dementia. Brain scans can also spot changes in the brain’s organization and function that would propose Alzheimer’s disease. †¢Computed Tomography Scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging The most general types of brain scans are computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT scan of the brain frequently suggested in a patient with suspected dementia. These scans, which use x-rays to detect brain structures, can show evidence of: ?Brain atrophy ?Strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ?Changes to the blood vessels ?Other problems (such as hydrocephalus and subdural hematomas). MRI scans use magnetic fields and focused radio waves to detect hydrogen atoms in tissues within the body. They can detect the same problems as CT scans but they are better for identifying certain conditions, such as brain atrophy and damage from small TIAs. †¢Electroencephalograms (EEGs) Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are another tool to assist in inspecting people with suspected dementia. In an EEG, electrodes are placed on the scalp over several parts of the brain in order to detect and record patterns of electrical activity and to check for abnormalities. This electrical activity can indicate cognitive dysfunction in part or all of the brain. Many patients with moderately severe to severe Alzheimer’s disease have abnormal EEGs. An EEG may also be used to detect seizures, which occur in about 10 percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease. It can also help diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. †¢Other Brain Scan Tests Several other types of brain scans allow researchers to watch the brain as it functions. These scans, called functional brain imaging, are not often used as diagnostic tools, but they are important in research and they may ultimately help identify people with dementia earlier than is currently possible. Types of functional brain scans include: ?Functional MRI (fMRI): It uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to measure the metabolic changes that take place in active parts of the brain. ?Single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT): It shows the distribution of blood in the brain, which generally increases with brain activity. Positron emission tomography (PET): This scans can detect changes in glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow, all of which can reveal abnormalities of brain function. ?Magneto encephalography (MEG): This can show the electromagnetic fields produced by the brain’s neuronal activity. †¢Laboratory Tests for Dementia Doctors may use a variety of laboratory tests to help diagnose dementia or rule out other conditions, such as kidney failure, which can contribute to symptoms. A partial list of these tests includes: ?A complete blood count (CBC) Blood glucose test, which measures sugar levels in the blood ? Urinalysis ?Drug and alcohol tests (toxicology screen) ?Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to rule out specific infections that can affect the brain) ? Analysis of thyroid and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. ?A doctor will order only the tests that he or she feels are necessary to improve the accuracy of a diagnosis. †¢Psychiatric Evaluation The healthcare provider may recommend a psychiatric evaluation to determine if depression or another psychiatric disorder may be causing or contributing to a person’s symptoms. Pre-Symptomatic Testing In most cases, testing people before symptoms begin in order to determine if they will develop dementia is not possible. However, in cases involving disorders such as Huntington’s where a known gene defect is clearly linked to the risk of the disease, a genetic test can help identify people who are likely to develop the disease. Since this type of genetic information can be devastating, people should carefully consider whether they want to undergo such testing. 2. 5Treatment For about 10 percent of conditions that cause dementia, treatment is available that can help reverse or at least slow down its progression. Some examples of these treatable causes of dementia include: †¢A brain tumor †¢Normal pressure hydrocephalus †¢Hypothyroidism. For most cases, treatment does not exist to reverse or halt the disease’s progression; however, this does not mean that nothing should be done. People with dementia can benefit to some extent from such things as medications and cognitive training. There are also options for the family to help them cope. 2. 6Risk Factors Scientists have found a number of risk factors for dementia that affect the likelihood of developing one or more kinds of dementia. While these are not causes of dementia, they may increase a person’s chances of developing the symptoms referred to collectively as dementia. Some dementia risk factors can be treated or controlled and some cannot Some of these risk factors for dementia are modifiable, while others are not.. Also, certain risk factors are more likely to increase the risk for certain types of dementia. For example, the risk of vascular dementia is strongly correlated with risk factors for stroke. Finally, the more dementia risk factors you have, the greater your chances of having dementia. An example of risk factors for dementia that you cannot change involves getting older (the risk of dementia tends to increase with age). Other dementia risk factors you cannot control include having: †¢Age †¢A family history of dementia †¢Down syndrome †¢Mild cognitive impairment †¢History of a stroke. Dementia risk factors that you can control include: †¢Hypertension †¢hypercholesterolemia †¢Diabetes †¢Atherosclerosis †¢Smoking †¢Heavy alcohol use. †¢Homocysteine levels in the blood. There are also things that can be controlled that increase your risk for developing diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other conditions that may increase your risk of developing dementia. These include: †¢Being overweight or obese †¢Lack of physical activity †¢Unhealthy diet. ?Age Age is the utmost risk aspect for dementia. Dementia influences one in 14 people over the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, Alzheimer’s is not limited to aged people: in the UK, there are 15,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is likely to be an underrated. ?Genetic inheritance Several people fear that they may become heir to Alzheimer’s disease, and scientists are presently exploring the hereditary background to Alzheimer’s. In most of the cases, the effect of inheritance appears to be minute. If a parent or other family member has Alzheimer’s disease, probability of developing the disease is only a slight elevated than if there were no cases of Alzheimer’s in the direct family. ?Environmental factors The ecological factors that may add to the onset of Alzheimer’s disease have yet to be discovered. Not many years ago, there were concerns that revelation to aluminum might cause Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, these fears have largely been discounted. ?Other factors Because of the dissimilarity in their chromosomal structure, people with Down’s disorder who live into their 50s and 60s may develop Alzheimer’s disease. People who have had stern skull or whiplash wounds also come out to be at increased risk of developing dementia. Boxers who get frequent blows to the head are at risk too. Study has also revealed that people who smoke, and those who have elevated blood pressure or sky-scraping cholesterol levels, augment their risk of developing Alzheimer’s. 2. 7 Care of people with dementia People with moderate and advanced dementia typically need round-the-clock care and supervision to prevent them from harming themselves or others. They may also need assistance with daily activities such as eating, bathing, and dressing. Meeting these needs requires patience, understanding, and careful thought from the person’s caregivers. For people involved with dementia care, there are some important things to consider. These include such things as: †¢Making the home safe †¢Helping to reduce stressors †¢Providing mental stimulation. Good dementia care always involves the issue of driving. One of the hardest things to do is to take away a person’s independence that comes with driving. However, for a number of reasons that we will explain later, people with dementia should not drive. 2. 7. 1Dementia Care and the Home A typical home environment can present many dangers and obstacles to people with dementia, but simple changes can overcome many of these problems. For example, sharp knives, dangerous chemicals, tools, and other hazards should be removed or locked away. Other safety precautions include: †¢Installing bed and bathroom safety rails †¢Removing locks from bedroom and bathroom doors Lowering the hot water temperature to 120 °F (48. 9 °C) or less to reduce the risk of accidental scalding. People with dementia should also wear some form of identification at all times in case they wander away or become lost. Caregivers can help prevent unsupervised wandering by adding locks or alarms to outside doors. 2. 7. 2Reducing Stressors People with dement ia often develop behavioral problems because of frustration with specific situations. Understanding and modifying or preventing the situations that trigger these behaviors may help to make life more pleasant for the person with dementia as well as his or her caregivers. For instance, the person may be confused or frustrated by the level of activity or noise in the surrounding environment. Reducing unnecessary activity and noise (such as by limiting the number of visitors and turning off the television when it’s not in use) may make it easier for the person to understand requests and perform simple tasks. Caregivers may also reduce confusion in people with dementia by: †¢Simplifying home decorations †¢Removing clutter †¢Keeping familiar objects nearby †¢Following a predictable routine throughout the day. Calendars and clocks also may help patients orient themselves. . 7. 3Mental Stimulation as Part of Dementia Care Caregivers should encourage people with dementia to continue their normal leisure activities as long as they are safe and do not cause frustration. Activities such as crafts, games, and music can provide important mental stimulation and improve mood. Some studies have suggested that participating in exercise and intellectually stimulating activities may slow the decline of cognitive function in some people. 2. 7. 4Is Driving Safe? Many studies have found that driving is unsafe for people with dementia. They often get lost and they may have problems remembering or following the rules of the road. They may also have difficulty processing information quickly and dealing with unexpected circumstances. Even a second of confusion while driving can lead to an accident. Driving with impaired cognitive functions can also endanger others. Some experts have suggested that regular screening for changes in cognition might help to reduce the number of driving accidents among elderly people, and some states now require that doctors report people with Alzheimer’s disease to their state motor vehicle department. However, in many cases, it is up to the person’s family and friends to ensure that the person does not drive. 2. 7. 5How the local authority assesses need Local authority social services departments are the main providers of care and support services. If a person with dementia or their carer is in need of support, they should contact the local social services department to explain. The department will then carry out an assessment of the person’s needs and identify what services would be appropriate to meet those needs. This is known as a community care assessment If the department assesses a person as being in need of certain services, it has a duty to provide the services that fall within their eligibility criteria (locally set rules on what type of needs the local authority will meet). The person may have to contribute towards the cost of these services. Local authorities can provide services directly themselves, or may make arrangements for private or voluntary-sector organizations to provide care on their behalf. Services ary from area to area, but range from those that allow someone to remain independent in their own home (such as meals on wheels, day care, equipment and home adaptations) to residential care. The views and preferences of the person receiving the service should always be taken into account. 2. 7. 6Care plans If, after assessing the person’s care needs, the social services department agrees that certain services should be provided, it will give the person a written care p lan outlining these services. This applies whether the person lives at home or in a care home. Care plans should be reviewed regularly and as needs change. If a review has not been carried out recently, or if one may be necessary, the person or their carer should contact social services and ask for a review. In addition, care homes must provide an individual care plan for each resident. This must be regularly reviewed to take account of changing needs. 2. 7. 7Thinking through the options Once the social services department has confirmed what services the person is eligible to receive, the person and their carer can begin to think through the options. Even if the assessment concludes that the person’s needs are not yet urgent enough to receive help from social services, or if some services are not available under the local authority’s eligibility criteria, an assessment will give everyone clearer information about the situation and the kinds of help available from other sources. The person or their family or carer could arrange services themselves, or through a voluntary organization or private agency. A key decision is whether the person can remain in their own home, or whether they would prefer to move into sheltered housing or a care home. If they stay in their own home, there are many additional support options available. It is also important to consider the financial implications of the options available. Social services should be able to give an idea of how much the person will have to pay towards the costs of the various services that are arranged through them. Services provided by the NHS, such as community nursing, are free. Anyone who is arranging services themselves, whether through a voluntary organisation or a private agency, will need to make their own enquiries. It is important not to rush into a decision. It might help to also talk to friends and relatives, other carers and your local Alzheimer’s Society branch. Local voluntary organisations are a source of further information, advice and practical help. Below is some guidance about what to consider when you are thinking about the kind of care the person in question needs. 2. 7. 8Understanding and respecting the person with dementia It’s very important that people with dementia are treated with respect. It is important to remember that a person with dementia is still a unique and valuable human being, despite their illness. If you can understand what the person is going through, it might be easier for you to realise why they behave in certain ways. When a person with dementia finds that their mental abilities are declining, they often feel vulnerable and in need of reassurance and support. The people closest to them – including their carers, health and social care professionals, friends and family – need to do everything they can to help the person to retain their sense of identity and feelings of self-worth. 2. 7. 9Helping the person feel valued The person with dementia needs to feel respected and valued for who they are now, as well as for who they were in the past. There are many things that the people around them can do to help, including: †¢trying to be flexible and tolerant †¢making time to listen, have regular chats, and enjoy being with the person †¢showing affection in a way they both feel comfortable with †¢finding things to do together. Our sense of who we are is closely connected to the names we call ourselves. It’s important that people address the person with dementia in a way that the person recognises and prefers. Some people may be happy for anybody to call them by their first name or nickname. †¢Others may prefer younger people, or those who do not know them very well, to address them formally and to use courtesy titles, such as Mr or Mrs. Make sure you explain the person’s cultural or religious background, and any rules and customs, to anyone from a different backgroun d so that they can behave accordingly. These may include: †¢respectful forms of address †¢what they can eat †¢religious observances, such as prayer and festivals particular clothing or jewellery that the person (or those in their presence) should or should not wear †¢any forms of touch or gestures that are considered disrespectful †¢ways of undressing †¢ways of dressing the hair †¢how the person washes or uses the toilet. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth; it’s especially important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, however advanced their dementia. †¢Be kind and reassuring to the person you’re caring for without talking down to them. †¢Never talk over their head as if they are not there – especially if you’re talking about them. Include them in conversations. †¢Avoid scolding or criticising them – this will make them feel small. †¢Look for the meaning behind their words, even if they don’t seem to be making much sense. Whatever the detail of what they are saying, the person is usually trying to communicate how they feel. †¢Try to imagine how you would like to be spoken to if you were in their position. †¢Try to make sure that the person’s right to privacy is respected. †¢Suggest to other people that they should always knock on the person’s bedroom door before entering. If the person needs help with intimate personal activities, such as washing or using the toilet, do this sensitively and make sure the door is kept closed if other people are around. †¢Everyone involved – including the person’s friends, family members, carers, and the person with dementia themselves – reacts to the experience of dementia in their own way. Dementia m eans different things to different people. There are lots of things you can do to help the person with dementia feel good about themselves. This factsheet offers some suggestions. When you spend time with someone with dementia, it is important to take account of their abilities, interests and preferences. These may change as the dementia progresses. It’s not always easy, but try to respond flexibly and sensitively. Dementia affects people’s thinking, reasoning and memory, but the person’s feelings remain intact. A person with dementia will probably be sad or upset at times. In the earlier stages, the person may want to talk about their anxieties and the problems they are experiencing. †¢Try to understand how the person feels. Make time to offer them support, rather than ignoring them or ‘jollying them along’. †¢Don’t brush their worries aside, however painful they may be, or however insignificant they may seem. Listen, and show the person that you are there for them. †¢Make sure that, whenever possible, you inform and consult the person about matters that concern them. Give them every opportunity to make their own choices. †¢Always explain what you are doing and why. You may be able to judge the person’s reaction from their expression and body language. †¢People with dementia can find choice confusing, so keep it simple. Phrase questions so that they only need a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, such as ‘Would you like to wear your blue jumper today? ‘ rather than ‘Which jumper would you like to wear today? ‘ †¢Avoid situations in which the person is bound to fail, as this can be humiliating. Look for tasks that they can still manage and activities they enjoy. ive plenty of encouragement. Let them do things at their own pace and in their own way. †¢Do things with the person, rather than for them, to help them retain their independence. †¢Break activities down into small steps so that they feel a sense of achievement, even if they can only manage part of a task. Our self-respect is often bound up with the way we look. Encourage the person to take pride in their appearance, and compliment them on how they look. Make sure that anyone involved in caring for the person has as much background information as possible, as well as information about their pr esent situation. This will help them see the person they’re caring for as a whole person rather than simply ‘someone with dementia’. It may also help them to feel more confident about finding conversation topics or suggesting activities that the person may enjoy. 2. 8How effective is heath care management? Health care management involves several techniques to cater the needs of the patient. It should be kept in mind that patient is not responsible for the disease and therefore should not be ignored or avoided. With the advancement in technology, different techniques can be used to look after the suffer of this disorder. However, these techniques and ways could only help the victim survive a bit since. Those kinds of dementia which are treatable and such patients have a different perspective and outlook of life as compared to those who are the victims of the untreatable ones. So the care also varies with these two kinds of patients. Effectiveness of the present day health care management system is satisfactory but as said earlier it cannot bring back the life of the victim, however could let him or her survive for few more days with a happy face. 3. DEMENTIA IN UK Following statistics give a clear cut idea about the ratio and proportion of dementia patients in UK: †¢There are currently 700,000 people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are currently 15,000 younger people with dementia in the UK. †¢There are over 11,500 people with dementia from black and minority ethnic groups in the UK. There will be over a million people with dementia by 2025. †¢Two thirds of people with dementia are women. †¢The proportion of people with dementia doubles for every 5 year age group. †¢One third of people over 95 have dementia. †¢60,000 deaths a year are directly attributable to dementia. †¢Delaying the onset of dementia by 5 years wo uld reduce deaths directly attributable to dementia by 30,000 a year. †¢The financial cost of dementia to the UK is over ? 17 billion a year. †¢Family carers of people with dementia save the UK over ? 6 billion a year. †¢64% of people living in care homes have a form of dementia. Two thirds of people with dementia live in the community while one third live in a care home. 4. LIVING WITH DEMENTIA People with dementia have become increasingly involved in the work of the Alzheimer’s Society since 2000. Through a national programme called ‘Living with Dementia’, people with dementia have been sharing their experiences and knowledge, and raising awareness of dementia at local and national levels. This contribution is crucial to ensure that the Alzheimer’s Society develops appropriate information and support for people with dementia. It ensures that people with dementia can influence the work that the Society carries ut on their behalf. On a natio nal level the Living with Dementia programme consults with people with dementia in support of the Alzheimer’s Society’s work of influencing government policy. †¢People with dementia in action People with dementia are involved in the Alzheimer’s Society in a variety of ways: ? Giving presentations and raising public awareness. ?Organising the unique UK wide convention of people with dementia. ?Lobbying MPs and commenting on government legislation. ?Being interviewed by national press and television. ?Recruiting and inducting new staff at the Alzheimer’s Society. ?Helping to make the website easier to use. Developing information for other people with dementia and their families. ?Participating in the national consultative body, the Living with Dementia Working group. These are just a few examples. There are many opportunities in the Living with Dementia programme †¢Living with Dementia Programme Various initiatives in the Alzheimer’s Societ y have focused on ways of supporting people living with dementia. Many started as two year pilots in 2001 and 2002, but are now established as a core part of the Alzheimer’s Society activity. Examples of current initiatives are listed below: †¢West Kent Computer project Started in 2001. It supports people with dementia using computer equipment, to find new ways of communicating, pursuing interests and have fun. †¢Living with Dementia presentation skills training For people with dementia. Everyone affected by dementia has their own unique story to tell. Personal experiences and views are a powerful way of raising awareness about dementia, making issues come alive. Training people with dementia to share their experience on TV, press and at meetings, helps to reduce the misunderstanding that surrounds dementia and offers hope to people facing the same situation. Providing key skills enables people to undertake publicity work with confidence. †¢Helpcard for people with dementia Developed in 2007 by people with dementia and piloted by people with dementia. The helpcard enables people with dementia to feel confident, not alone and able to ask for help at anytime. It is very useful in emergency situations, and is an effective communication tool that informs others of a person’s circumstances. There are three different designs, with three different options for describing particular situations. †¢National conference for people with dementia The Alzheimer’s Society has hosted three conferences for people with dementia in London, Newcastle and Birmingham (Thompson, Nanni Schwankovsky, 1990). The latter two involved members from the Living with Dementia Working group and the Scottish Dementia Working Group, making them the only UK wide events for people with dementia. In Newcastle the ‘Improving Our Lives’ feedback included: ?Get out and enjoy life ?Laugh! Confidence ?Remaining the same person after diagnosis ?Open positive communication ?Speak up – have your voice listened to ?Speak to your MP Being denied treatment – medication because of a ‘cost cutting’ exercise – it’s a disgrace ? Set up an email group ?Done more since having dementia – living my life to the full 5. RESEARCHES Currently, scientists are conducting research on many different aspects of dementia. This research promises to improve the lives of people affected by such symptoms and may eve ntually lead to ways of preventing or curing the disorders that result in dementia. Some areas of focus for dementia research include: †¢Causes and prevention †¢Diagnosis †¢Treatment. Researching the Causes and Prevention of Dementia Research on the causes of Alzheimer’s disease (and other disorders that are causes of dementia) includes studies of: †¢Genetic factors †¢Neurotransmitters †¢Inflammation †¢Factors that influence programmed cell death in the brain †¢The roles of tau, beta amyloid, and the associated neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Some other dementia research scientists are trying to determine the possible roles of cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress (chemical reactions that can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids inside cells), and microglia in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Current research on dementia prevention and causes includes the following: †¢Research to better understand the role of aging-related proteins (such as the enzyme telomerase) in the development of dementia. †¢Studies of abnormal clumps of proteins in cells. Researchers are trying to learn how abnormal clumps of protein in cells develop, how they affect cells, and how the clumping can be prevented. †¢Studies that examine whether changes in white matter — nerve fibers lined with myelin — may play a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Myelin may erode in Alzheimer’s disease patients before other changes occur. This may be due to a problem with oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce myelin. †¢Work being done by scientists to search for additional genes that may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. These researchers have identified a number of gene regions that may be involved in the development of Alzheimer’s. Some researchers suggest that people will eventually be screened for a number of genes that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and that they will be able to receive treatments that specifically address their individual genetic risks. However, such individualized screening and treatment is still years away. †¢Studies on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is common in people with Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not clear whether the insulin resistance contributes to the development of the disease or if it is merely a side effect. †¢Several dementia research studies have found a reduced risk of dementia in people who take cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins. However, it is not yet clear if the apparent effect is due to the drugs or to other factors. Therefore, more research is being currently being done be better understand this possible relationship between statins and dementia. †¢ A 2003 dementia research study found that people with HIV-associated dementia have different levels of activity for more than 30 different proteins, compared to people who have HIV but no signs of dementia. The study suggests a possible way to screen HIV patients for the first signs of cognitive impairment, and it may lead to ways of intervening to prevent this form of dementia. Research in this area continues. Research Involving Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Improving early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders that may cause dementia is important not only for patients and families, but also for researchers who seek to better understand the causes of dementia and find ways to reverse or halt them at early stages. Improved diagnosis can also reduce the risk that people will receive inappropriate treatments. †¢In some research, scientists are investigating whether three-dimensional computer models of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify brain changes typical of early Alzheimer’s disease, before any symptoms appear. This research may lead to ways of preventing the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. †¢One study found that levels of beta amyloid and tau in spinal fluid could be used to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease with an accuracy of 92 percent. If other studies confirm the validity of this test, it may allow doctors to identify people who are beginning to develop the disorder before they start to show dementia symptoms. †¢This would allow treatment at very early stages of the disorder, and may help in testing new treatments to prevent or delay symptoms of the disease. Other researchers have identified factors in the skin and blood of Alzheimer’s disease patients that are different from those in healthy people. They are trying to determine if these factors can be used to diagnose the disease. Treatment Research †¢Researchers are continually working to develop new drugs for Alzheimer’s disease and other causes of dementia. Many researchers believe a vaccine that reduces the number of amyloid plaques in the brain might ultimately prove to be the most effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In 2001, researchers began one clinical trial of a vaccine called AN-1792. The research study was halted after a number of people developed inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. †¢Despite these problems, one patient appeared to have reduced numbers of amyloid plaques in the brain. Other patients showed little or no cognitive decline during the course of the study, suggesting that the vaccine may slow or halt the disease. Res earchers are now trying to find safer and more effective vaccines for Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers are also investigating possible methods of gene therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. In one case, researchers used cells genetically engineered to produce nerve growth factor and transplanted them into monkeys’ forebrains. The transplanted cells boosted the amount of nerve growth factors in the brain and seemed to prevent degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons in the animals. †¢This suggests that gene therapy might help to reduce or delay symptoms of the disease. Researchers are now testing a similar therapy in a small number of patients. Other researchers have experimented with gene therapy that adds a gene called neprilysin in a mouse model that produces human beta amyloid. They found that increasing the level of neprilysin greatly reduced the amount of beta amyloid in the mice and halted the amyloid-related brain degeneration. They are now trying t o determine whether neprilysin gene therapy can improve cognition in mice. †¢Since many studies have found evidence of brain inflammation in people with Alzheimer’s disease, some researchers have proposed that drugs that control inflammation, such as NSAIDs, might prevent the disease or slow its progression. Studies in mice have suggested that these drugs can limit production of amyloid plaques in the brain. Early studies of these drugs in humans have shown promising results. †¢However, a large NIH-funded clinical trial of two NSAIDs (naproxen and celecoxib) to prevent Alzheimer’s disease was stopped in late 2004 because of an increase in stroke and heart attack in people taking naproxen (Aleve ®, Naprosyn ®, Anaprox ®, Naprelan ®), and an unrelated study that linked celecoxib (Celebrex ®) to an increased risk of heart attack. Some research studies on dementia have suggested that two drugs, pentoxifylline and propentofylline, may be useful in treating vascular dementia. Pentoxifylline improves blood flow, while propentofylline appears to interfere with some of the processes that cause cell death in the brain. †¢One research study is testing the safety and effectiveness of donepezil (Aricept ®) for treating mild dementia in patients with Parkinson’s dem entia, while another is investigating whether skin patches with the drug selegiline can improve mental function in patients with cognitive problems related to HIV. . CONCLUSION An appropriate cost effective workup of dementia includes a complete history, a complete physical examination (including a neuropsychiatric evaluation), a CBC, blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum calcium, serum creatinine, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (Whitlatch, Feinberg Tucke, 2005). Other tests should be done only if there is a specific indication for e. g. vitamin B12 and folate if macrocytosis is present (Wilkinson Lennox, 2005). A CT or MRI should be considered if the onset of dementia is before the age of 65 years, symptoms have occurred for less than 2 years, there is evidence of focal or asymmetrical neurological deficits, the clinical picture indicates normal pressure hydrocephalus, or there is a recent history of fall or other head trauma. If a patient has a history of cancer or is on anticoagulation therapy, then neuro imaging should also be considered. Thus to conclude, it is sufficient to say that dementia, though a dangerous disorder, having not much cures, can be prevented by undergoing certain precautionary measures as illustrated above. How to cite Dementia to Elderly in Uk, Essay examples

Product Liability Essays - Tort Law, Law, Private Law, Common Law

Product Liability Product Liability Every day American consumers purchase products that they feel are beneficial to there development. Where that lies depends on the consumer. However, One underling variable is a constant when it comes to purchasing the product. That variable is whether or not the product is right for them. When the consumer purchases a product, they are liable for whatever mishaps may occur and accidents that may happen. But producers are not completely free from the liability of their product to their consumers. This is where product liability legal issues come from, a segment of the law which has seen its fare share of turmoil and difficulties. Product liability is the producer's requirement to warn the consumer of and any possible troubles associated with the product. This is usually done with a warning label attached to the product, or is found via flyer form in the instruction manual. Sports and recreational equipment cause serious injuries everyday. There are many reasons for the cause of injury, but most cases of injury are due to product defects. These defects are manufacturing, design, and failure to adequately warn. Besides the product defects, consumers are exposed to other forms of potential mishaps, which are negligence, breach of warranty, and strict tort legal responsibility. Because America is a society largely dependent upon the outside means in which to entertain themselves, many Americans are changing from the casual spectator to that of the exuberant participator. Therefore, the number of accidents associated with products has risen. Subsequently, so have the court cases and trials. Product liability comes into play when the product breaks, or doesn't perform up to regulation standards set forth by the producer. In more cases than not, there is some form of injury sustained due to product defect or claims. So in short, the definition of product liability is the responsibility of the manufacturer to the user if the use of its product results in personal injury or property damage (Legal Concepts, 122). Sports and recreational equipment cause serious injuries everyday. There are many reasons for the cause of injury, but most cases of injury are due to product defects (Swartz). These defects are manufacturing, design, and failure to adequately warn. As I have already stated in the beginning of this analysis, product liability has three main theories under which recovery can be made. These recoveries are: ? Negligence ? Strict liability ? Breach of warranty Negligence is the understanding that the producer or manufacturer has the responsibility or duty to applicate a reasonable degree of care. Many people fail to realize that a negligence action in not under a duty to insure that its product will not cause injury; rather, the product merely has to be reasonably safe. The most common incidence of negligence is the manufacturers failure to inspect or test a product. Another common incidences of negligence is the defendants failure to sufficiently caution the user of the dangers the defendant knew about. Another is breach of warranty. Studies have shown that the care taken by manufacturers to warrant reasonable process to the consumer has a lot to be desired. From 1982 to 1984 there were 161 deaths and 128,000 injuries caused by ATV's . This lack of duty can be as much to blame for there petulance as it does to their marketing exploits. One of the most common incidences of negligence associated with products in the manufacturers failure to inspect or test the product. When inspecting the product could have led to discovery of an injury-causing defect, the producer is liable. McCormick V. Lowe & Campbell Athletic Goods disclosed a variety of factors on the reasonableness of the inspection. These factors can include industry advances, the seriousness of the possible harm, the likelihood of the possible harm, and the feasibility of the inspection. In McCormick V. Lowe, the plaintiff claimed the defendant company furnished a vaulting pole that broke while the plaintiff was attempting to use it. The plaintiff brought a negligence action to recover the injuries he sustained in the fall that resulted in the inferior product. The court held that a manufacturer of a product is under a duty to exercise ordinary care to test products to determine whether or not such products contain defects,